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(Routers, Switches, IOS / IOS-XE / NX-OS – CCNA / CCNP / Real-World) Device hardening reduces the attack surface and protects your Cisco infrastructure from unauthorized access, misconfiguration, and exploits. 1️⃣ Secure Device Access (Management Plane) 🔹 Use Strong Authentication (AAA) 🔹 Use Local User Accounts (Minimum) ❌ Avoid: ✔ Use: 🔹 Secure VTY Access
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP addresses to communicate with public networks like the Internet. PAT (Port Address Translation) is a form of NAT that uses port numbers to map multiple private IPs to a single public IP. 🔁 Types of NAT in Cisco 1️⃣ Static NAT (One-to-One) Configuration Example 2️⃣ Dynamic NAT (Many-to-Many)
An ACL is an ordered list of rules (statements) that a router checks top to bottom to decide whether to permit or deny traffic. 👉 Implicit deny exists at the end of every ACL (anything not matched is denied). 🧩 Types of Cisco ACLs 1️⃣ Standard ACL Example Apply to interface 2️⃣ Extended ACL Example
Basic VLAN and interface configuration on a Cisco switch involves creating VLANs, assigning ports, and managing trunk/access modes. The fundamental commands and workflow are outlined below. Create a VLAN To create VLANs (e.g., VLAN 10 and VLAN 20): Switch> enableSwitch# configure terminalSwitch(config)# vlan 10Switch(config-vlan)# exitSwitch(config)# vlan 20Switch(config-vlan)# exit This creates VLANs 10 and 20 if
A basic Cisco switch configuration involves initial setup tasks like setting the hostname, securing access, configuring management IP, and saving the configuration. Here are the main steps and key commands for a standard, unconfigured Cisco switch. Basic Configuration Steps Connect to the Switch Enter Privileged EXEC Mode Switch> enable Enter Global Configuration Mode Switch# config t Set
Let’s walk through a real-world example: 👉 You send a WhatsApp text message to your friend. 📩 Step-by-Step Flow Through OSI Layers At Your Side (Sender) Across the Network At Your Friend’s Side (Receiver) ✅ In short:
The OSI Reference Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to understand and describe how different networking protocols and systems communicate with each other. It breaks down the complex process of data communication into 7 distinct layers, each with specific functions. 🔹 7 Layers of the OSI Model (Top to Bottom) 7.
An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique logical address assigned to each device in a network so that it can be identified and communicate with other devices. 👉 Think of it like the phone number of a device on a network.Without it, devices cannot send/receive data properly. ✅ Types of IP Addresses ✅
A protocol in computer networking is a set of rules and standards that define how two or more devices communicate with each other over a network. Think of it like a language: ✅ Key Functions of Protocols ✅ Common Types of Protocols 🔹 Network Communication Protocols 🔹 Web & Application Protocols 🔹 Security Protocols 🔹
A MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) is a unique hardware identifier given to every network interface card (NIC), whether it’s wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi). Think of it like a permanent serial number for your network card, used at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. ✅ Format of a MAC
The Lazy Networker 